The effect was confirmed in 1845 for sound. Doppler claimed that the frequency and wavelength of light or sound would change when a signal from a moving source was observed. The Doppler effect was enunciated in 1842. Reber had introduced the history of the Doppler effect and its application to the studies of the Sun’s motion and the rotation of our galaxy. Why did Hubble use the Doppler effect to interpret the redshift? One reason is that he had no other choice since the Doppler effect was the only interpretation for redshift at that time. In doing this, Hubble derived the distance-velocity relation which led people to conceive of the Cosmos in the image of a Big Bang. Hubble employed the Doppler effect to interpret the cosmological redshift in the distance-redshift relation he discovered in 1929. The other one is, strongly, the interpretation of the Doppler effect for the cosmological redshift, employed by Hubble. One source is, weakly, Einstein’s finite boundless cosmological model proposed in 1917. The Big Bang model came from two sources. By this interpretation for cosmological redshift, the Cosmos is infinite and eternal. Based on these physical principles, the “tired light” theory explains the cosmological redshift as the result of photon energy loss due to the interactions with material particles as photons travel through cosmological space. In 2013, Shao developed the “tired light” hypothesis on the basis of physical principles, that is, (a) electromagnetic field theory, (b) the mass-energy equivalence, (c) the quantum light theory, and (d) the Lorentz theory. Fortunately, the study of “tired light” theory has continued. The Big Bang model cannot surmount these problems. Some problems are directly related to the interpretation of the Doppler effect for cosmological redshift. In recent years, problems related to Big Bang have been more and more clearly realized by cosmologists and astronomers. The Big Bang, after Hubble’s work, became the most accepted cosmological model. But the nature of the “tired light” was only vaguely explained in Zwicky’s work, so that the “tired light” hypothesis has not been accepted by most cosmologists and astronomers to this day. ![]() About half a year later after Hubble’s paper, Zwicky proposed a “tired light” hypothesis to explain the distance-redshift relation. He then obtained a new relation of distance-velocity by using the Doppler effect to interpret the redshift. In 1929, Hubble obtained a distance-redshift relation through observations. The “tired light” hypothesis was proposed by Zwicky in 1929, after Hubble’s paper, as an alternative interpretation to that of the Doppler effect for the cosmological redshift. Hubble used the Doppler Effect to interpret what came to be known as the cosmological redshift. The Big Bang cosmological model came mainly from Hubble’s work. But modern cosmological study started in the twentieth century, marked by Einstein’s theoretical research in 1917 and Hubble’s observational investigations in 1929. Cosmology is as old as other branches of sciences, beginning at the ancient Greeks.
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